─ The Crisis
PFAS Are Everywhere
Current Solutions.
Aren't Working.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances contaminate drinking water for over 200 million Americans. New EPA maximum contaminant levels set in 2024 force utilities, industries, and municipalities to act — but existing technologies trade one liability for another.
1$441K–$1M+ Annual recurring cost per 5 MGD GAC system
Granular Activated Carbon — the most widely deployed solution — doesn't destroy PFAS. It transfers contamination to spent media that must be transported and incinerated off-site, triggering CERCLA liability and recurring costs with no end date. consequat.
2$3–10M CapEx per MGD for conventional treatment
Ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and filtration systems require multi-million dollar capital outlays, generate concentrated PFAS waste streams, and still require downstream destruction — adding cost and complexity at every stage.
3Emerging destruction technologies can't scale
SCWO costs $10–50/m³ and operates below 2 MGD. Plasma requires $50–500 kWh/m³. BDD electrochemical oxidation uses expensive diamond electrodes with slow kinetics. None can serve a 10+ MGD municipal utility at acceptable economics.
4EPA enforcement is accelerating
PFOA/PFOS MCLs of 4 ppt and PFAS MCLs of 10 ppt now require utilities to comply. Non-compliance exposes municipalities to enforcement actions, citizen suits, and multi-billion dollar remediation liabilities across water, bio-solids, and industrial discharge.